Agro Productividad es una publicación mensual del Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas. Fue fundada en 2008 con el objetivo de difundir resultados en artículos científicos originales, así como notas científicas, revisiones temáticas, relacionados con la agricultura (cultivos, silvicultura, ganadería, pesca y acuicultura, y agroindustria) y la producción de agroalimentos. También aborda temáticas sobre procesos económicos, sociales y ambientales que impactan la productividad agrícola y el desarrollo rural. Todas las contribuciones recibidas son sometidas a un proceso de arbitraje doble ciego y edición final. La revista se publica en español y en inglés. Se encuentra indexada a diferentes indicadores nacionales e internacionales resaltando CONACYT (Competencia Internacional), EBSCO, CENGAGE LEARNING, INC., Google Académico además de Zoological Records en Master Journal List de Clarivate Analitycs (antes ISI), PERIODICA-Biblat, CABI y CAB Abstracts, Latindex (Directorio y Catálogo), REDIB, SIBDI, MIAR, DIMENSIONS, CORE, Scilit, AgEconSEARCH , WordCat , BASE, EBSCOhost (Fuente académica Plus) AURA, Electronic Journals Library (EZB), Refseek, OpenAire, ZEITSCHRIFT DATENBANK y recientemente Jisc y scite.
Application of nanotechnology in the production of nanoparticles of bioactive compounds: Case of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L) extracts
Objective: To compile available information on techniques used in the production of nanoparticles involving functional compounds. Design/Methodology/Approach: Published information and experiences from researchers working in the field of nanoparticles were compiled. Study protocols were created, and the advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticle fabrication were analyzed. Results: The compiled information enabled the development of a flowchart for preparing nanoparticles from extracts containing bioactive compounds. Limitations/Implications of the Study: Very little information is available. Specialized laboratories limit the use of these techniques. Findings/Conclusions: A theoretical framework was developed to enable the use of nanoparticle fabrication techniques for research and to develop solutions that improve the shelf life of food intended for human consumption.
bioactive compounds, nanoparticles, rosemary extracts, review.
Derechos de autor 2026 Agro Productividad
Identification of key meat quality parameters
Objective: To analyze and synthesize the scientific literature related to the main physicochemical and technological parameters that determine meat quality, particulary pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), antioxidan activity, color, and texture. Design/Methodology/Approach: A narrative review of scientific literature published in indexed journals, specialized books, and technical documents related to meat science anda technology was conducted. Studies focusing on post mortem biochemical mechanisms and their influence on quality attributes were selected. Results: The literature indicates that post mortem pH is a determining factor in protein structure and water-holfing capacity, directly influencing texture and color. WHC is closely associated with myofibrillar spacing and the structural state of muscle proteins. Likewise, antioxidant activity plays a key role in oxidative stability, affecting color preservation and sensory profile. Together, these parameters interact dynamically and determine the technological and commercial quality of meat. Limitations/Implications of the Study: Variability in production systems, management practices, genetics, and post mortem conditions makes direct comparison among studies difficult. Nevertheless, integrating these parameters provides a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing meat quality and guides future research toward technological improvement strategies. Findings/Conclusions: Meat quality results from complex biochemical and structural interactions ocurring during the post mortem period. Understanding parameters such as pH, WHC, antioxidant activity, color, and texture is essential to optimize production and processing systems, as well as to ensure product stability and overall quality.
Quality attributes, meat, physicochemical quality, meat science
Technical Assistance and Adoption of Technological Innovations: Analysis of GGAVATT Pig Producers in Guanajuato, Mexico
Objective: To evaluate the level of adoption of technological innovations (TIs) and the effect of pig producers’ participation in the GGAVATT model in the state of Guanajuato. Design/methodology/approach: Monthly data from 5,162 records of 260 pig farmers who received technical assistance and training (TAT) through the GGAVATT model from 2014 to 2020 in Guanajuato were analyzed. The data included participation in meetings, training sessions, and technology transfer tours, as well as the implementation of 25 technical interventions (TIs). Five synthetic variables were constructed as adoption indices (AIs) of TIs: Technical Assistance and Training (TAT), Management (M), Nutrition (N), Reproduction and Genetics (RG), and Health and Biosecurity (SB). To evaluate the effect of technical assistance (TA) on the use of TIs, producers were classified into three levels according to their participation in GGAVATT: 1 year, 2–3 years, and 4–5 years. The five indices were calculated for each participation level. Results: The estimated AI values by level of participation of pig farmers in the GGAVATT were 0.38, 0.40, and 0.46 for TAyC; 0.51, 0.55, and 0.62 for M; 0.58, 0.61, and 0.69 for N; 0.53, 0.61, and 0.66 for RyG; and 0.53, 0.58, and 0.63 for SyB. Limitations on study/implications: While all the AIs changed positively, the transition from a semi-technified to a technified production system was not achieved. Therefore, future studies should analyze other factors that limit IT adoption. Findings/conclusions: The TAT activities provided to pig farmers through the GGAVATT model positively influence the adoption of technological innovations, with the strongest effect observed in the area of nutrition
Livestock technology, Livestock groups, Pig farming.
Vermicompost doses on nutraceutical properties and yield of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Ex. Hornem
Objective: To evaluate different doses of vermicompost on the nutraceutical properties and yield of tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. Ex. Hornem.) under field conditions Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block experimental design was used with 4 treatments: T1 Synthetic fertilization (FS) (YaraMila Complex), T2 Vermicompost 50 g per plant (T2 50 g L), T3 Vermicompost 100 g L) and T4 Vermicompost 200 g L, with 20 replicates and 3 blocks per treatment with a total of 240 experimental units. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatments (P≤0.05) for all evaluated variables, where a trend was observed that the best treatments were the applications of vermicompost of 100 and 200 gs per plant (T3 100 g L and T4 200 g L) for nutraceutical variables and a yield per plant of 8 kg. Limitations on study/implications: include the contribution of vermicompost in the soil under study. Findings/conclusions: The best treatments were doses of 100 and 200 gs of vermicompost per plant, which improves some nutraceutical characteristics of the tomatillo crop.
tomatillo, acidity, °brix, polyphenols, DPPH
Anatomical Characterization of Ear and Kernel in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Objective: To evaluate the physical quality of ears and kernels of hybrids and varieties cultivated in the municipality of San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero, Mexico. Methodology: Six white-kernel hybrids, two yellow-kernel hybrids, and two blue and white landraces were used. The maize was grown during the Spring–Summer 2020 growing cycle under rainfed conditions. Physical traits of the ear and kernel anatomy were evaluated. Results: VS-Tuxpeño and Azul exhibited the greatest ear length among the evaluated varieties (18.70 and 18.56 cm, respectively), whereas H-565 showed the highest ear weight (204.40 g). H-515 and H-Tuxpeño presented a width-to-length index (WLI) of 0.81, corresponding to a round kernel type, whereas H-565 exhibited a more elongated kernel shape (0.65). All genotypes, except Ocotito, showed an endosperm proportion greater than 70%. Limitations of the study: Given the edaphoclimatic conditions of the municipality of San Luis Acatlán and the increasingly pronounced effects of global climate change, adaptive strategies for this type of crop should be further investigated. Conclusions: Hybrids H-565 and VS-Tuxpeño exhibited superior performance in most ear and kernel components, which makes them suitable for commercial production, whereas the Azul variety showed comparable performance with the additional advantage of natural pigmentation. H-562 and Ocotito presented higher proportions of endosperm and germ, respectively, underscoring their potential for the masa and tortilla industry. Overall, the results reveal significant differences among genotypes and support their selection according to the intended grain use in San Luis Acatlán, Guerrero.
Grain, Hybrids, Maize (Zea mays L.), Morphology, Creole varieties.
Cost of producing a replacement heifer in family dairy system
Objective: To estimate the production cost of a replacement heifer in the family dairy system of the Los Altos Region of Jalisco, Mexico, providing economic evidence to support ranchers’ decision-making in the region. Design/methodology/approach: Information was obtained from three dairy farmers in the family farming system located in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, from May 2019 to May 2022, through the design and implementation of monthly tracking forms for technical and economic information. The unit of analysis was the heifer, with information obtained from 297 animals. These data were integrated into a database to analyze the activities and technologies implemented in the zootechnical areas and to estimate the unit cost of production of a heifer (CUPV). The CUPV was calculated by summing the quantity of each input used multiplied by its respective price in each production unit and dividing the result by the number of heifers produced. Results: Eleven of the 17 activities and technologies analyzed were implemented by all three production units during the study period. None of the units had calving facilities or hired staff exclusively dedicated to calf care. The only activity that improved during the study period was the implementation of the progressive weaning method. The average CUPV was $37,789, with feed representing 96%, labor 1.4%, reproduction-related costs 1.3%, and health-related costs 0.6%. Limitations on study/implications: Estimating the CUPV is essential to support milk producers’ decision-making in generating their own replacement heifers. Findings/conclusions: Producing a replacement heifer costs on average $37,789.00 from month 0 to first calving, with more than 90% of the total cost allocated to feed.
Livestock economics, bovine milk, technology.
Reduction in the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea in multibreed kids supplemented with Bacillus subtilis PB6 in Northern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation (Bacillus subtilis PB6) on weight gain, as well as the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and pneumonia in multibreed kids in northern Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted in Ejido Corona, Municipality of Matamoros, Coahuila (northern Mexico). The experiment lasted 25 days in October 2022. Ninety-nine kids were randomly assigned to two homogeneous groups based on body weight (BW; 3.7 ± 0.2 kg). The control group (CG; n = 50) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day. The treated group (TG; n = 49) received 5 mL of milk per kid per day supplemented with 1 g/kg BW of Bacillus subtilis PB6. Administration was performed daily at 12:00 p.m. The probiotic dose was adjusted every five days, coinciding with body weight measurements. Results: No significant difference was observed in final BW (p > .05; 7.7 ± 0.1 kg vs. 7.4 ± 0.2 kg for TG and CG, respectively). A significant difference was found in diarrhea incidence (p < .05; 28% vs. 50% for TG and CG, respectively), as well as in diarrhea recurrence (p < .05; 29% vs. 48% for TG and CG, respectively). These findings indicate that supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 reduced the incidence and recurrence of diarrhea and may have contributed to the prevention of pneumonia. Limitations/Implications: A longer supplementation period may be required to observe significant effects on body weight in kids. Findings/Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation with Bacillus subtilis PB6 improved health outcomes by reducing diarrheal incidence and recurrence in multibreed kids raised under semi-arid conditions in northern Mexico.
goats; intestinal health; probiotics; weight gain; diarrhea
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biopesticide: A meta-analysis
Objective: To perform a meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana as a biological control agent against agricultural pests. Methodology: A bibliographic search was conducted using the Embase and PubMed databases, applying the terms Beauveria bassiana, entomopathogenic fungi, crop, plant, and mortality, connected by the operator “AND.” The search encompassed studies published from 2019 to 2024. The analysis focused primarily on reported mortality rates, crop species treated, conidial concentrations, and targeted pest species. Results: The most frequently applied conidial concentration was 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL. Mortality rates ranging from 25% to 75% were the most commonly reported, particularly in trials targeting Hemipteran pests, where favorable outcomes were consistently observed. Limitations: There was notable variability across studies in terms of fungal concentration, crop type, application technique, and reproducibility of laboratory results, which may affect the generalizability of findings. Conclusions: The use of Beauveria bassiana is recommended for the control of Hemipteran pests, given the consistently high mortality rates reported. Additionally, its potential as a biocontrol agent for mites is proposed, although further evidence is required to support this application. Conidial concentrations of 1 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁸ conidia/mL are suggested, preferably utilizing locally adapted Beauveria bassiana strains.
Biopesticide, entomopathogenic fungus, biological control, agriculture
Earliness and productive efficiency in tropical black bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under terminal drought
Objective: To determine the effect of earliness on grain yield of tropical black bean genotypes under terminal drought and to select those with lower susceptibility and higher productive efficiency than the cultivar Negro Jamapa. Design/methodology/approach: Fifteen genotypes were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications in two trials: one under full irrigation and another in which irrigation was suspended at the onset of flowering. Days to physiological maturity and grain yield were quantified. Analyses of variance were performed for each moisture regime, means were compared using the Least Significant Difference test (α = 0.05), and correlation analysis was conducted. Drought response was evaluated using the drought susceptibility index (DSI) and the relative efficiency index (REI). Results: Verdín was the earliest genotype, reaching maturity at 72.3 and 68.0 days under full irrigation and drought stress, respectively. Papaloapan/SEN 46-7-10, CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, Papaloapan/SEN 46-2-6, and Rubí exhibited the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought (DSI < 0.90), whereas Verdín, CIAT-103-25, and Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4 showed the highest productive efficiency (REI > 1.28), surpassing Negro Jamapa. Grain yield was negatively correlated with days to maturity under both full irrigation (r = −0.719**) and drought stress (r = −0.557*). Study Limitations/Implications: The selected genotypes constitute elite breeding materials; multi-environment evaluation is recommended. Findings/conclusions: Earliness, as a drought escape mechanism, contributed significantly to productive efficiency under both moisture regimes. Five genotypes with the lowest susceptibility to terminal drought were selected, of which CIAT-103-25, Jamapa Plus/XRAV-187-3-4-4, and Verdín exhibited higher productive efficiency than Negro Jamapa.
Phaseolus vulgaris L., drought resistance, drought escape, grain yield, tropical agriculture
Productivity of maize genotypes in acid soils of southern Veracruz with and without dolomite
Objective: To determine the effect of soil acidity on the growth and yield of maize genotypes (Zea mays L.) under rainfed production conditions, and identify those with greater productive efficiency with and without the application of dolomitic lime. Design/methodology/approach: Twelve maize genotypes were evaluated in an acidic soil using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two trials were established: one with dolomitic lime application and one without liming. Plant height, main ear insertion height, and grain yield were recorded. Data were analyzed through individual analyses of variance, mean comparison tests (LSD, α = 0.05), and correlation analysis. Productive efficiency under limed and non-limed conditions was estimated using the geometric mean index and the relative efficiency index . Results: Soil acidity reduced plant height by an average of 7.8%, ear height by 14.4%, and grain yield by 32.9%. SINT 1A and SINT 2B × V540 showed the best adaptation under acidic soil conditions. These same genotypes also exhibited the highest and values, indicating the greatest productive efficiency both with and without dolomitic lime application. Under limed soil conditions, V537C × V540 was the most productive genotype, followed by SINT 2B × V540 with acceptable grain yield. Limitations on study/implications: The evaluation of genotypes was conducted under conditions of soil acidity combined with drought stress, which allowed the identification of genotypes with greater productive efficiency under adverse edaphoclimatic conditions. Multi-environment evaluations and additional cropping cycles are recommended to confirm yield stability. Findings/conclusions: Soil acidity strongly affected plant architecture and productivity; however, liming improved plant growth and grain yield. SINT 3B × V-540 stood out for its stability and yield, making it a promising option for acidic soils in the Mexican tropics.
Zea mays L., liming, yield stability, acid tolerance, genotype × environment interaction.
Molecular detection of Chlamydia sp. in small ruminants from the central region of the state of Veracruz, Mexico
Objective: To identify the presence of Chlamydia sp. in the municipality of Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico Design/methodology/approach: A total of 60 animals from five dairy goat farms were included, comprising 57 females and three males of varying ages and breed phenotypes. Samples were obtained via vaginal and preputial swabs and placed in sterile conical tubes. Endpoint PCR was performed for the detection of the ompA VD2 gene with an amplification of 576 bp. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test for prevalence and a 2x2 contingency table for the analysis of risk factors. Results: An overall prevalence of 5.0% was obtained from the samples collected, with three females (5.26%) aged 48 months-old (6.1%), and 36 months (12.5%) months-old. A 6.8% of positive samples belonged to the alpine and saanen breed phenotypes; however, no risk factor attributable to the variables found was identified (p>0.05). Limitations on study/implications: The study has a small sample size and reduced UPP, which may limit the representativeness of the results, which may underestimate the true prevalence of the agent. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Chlamydia sp. in goats in the central region of the state of Veracruz has been confirmed, highlighting the usefulness of PCR as a diagnostic tool. These results underscore the need to expand health surveillance and strengthen prevention measures in goat production systems.
Goats, molecular diagnostics, prevalence, zoonoses
Plant selection using a sequential decision algorithm based on an ideotype
Objective: Develop a sequential decision algorithm to select plants in populations without repetitions based on an ideotype, using a logical process that employs everything from spreadsheets to programming languages. Design/methodology/approach: A sequential algorithm based on conditional logic is proposed that implements a multi-criteria filtering process. The algorithm can be implemented on different numerical analysis platforms as it is based on a sequential logical decision process. To validate its application, a selection was made from a population of 60 coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) of the Sarchimor T5296 variety, using Excel as the platform and the AND function due to its accessibility. Results: Nine plants were selected that exhibited the desired characteristics of yield, plant height, canopy diameter, bienniality (I), and resistance to orange leaf rust, demonstrating the algorithmic selection capability. Limitations on study/implications: The method has limitations inherent to its binary sequential design: (1) it does not differentially weight the importance of criteria, (2) it does not consider negative correlations between characters in simultaneous selection, and (3) it depends on thresholds defined a priori. Findings/conclusions: The algorithm made it possible to select plants with behavior similar to or superior to the ideotype in contexts where conventional statistical methods are not applicable because they require replicated experimental designs.
Plant breeding, Numerical method, Sequential logic, Phenotypic traits.
Evaluation of factors affecting milk production and composition in dual-purpose systems
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the genetic and environmental effects on milk production and composition in dual-purpose cows in the Veracruz tropics. Methodology: A population of 79 cows grouped by crossbreeds in different proportions of Zebu*Holstein (17), Zebu*Swiss (50), and Zebu*Holstein*Swiss (12) was used. Milk samples were collected at 28-day intervals and analyzed using infrared (IR) spectrophotometry (MilkoScan FT-120, A/S FOSS Electric®). Adjusted means were estimated using PROC GLM from SAS®. The fixed effects included in the model were: genotype, herd, season, lactation number, year, and cow identification. The response variables were: lactation duration (days), production (kg), fat, protein, and lactose (%). Results: The duration of lactation averaged 307 ± 71.95 days, with total production of 1,240 ± 468.19 kg. The values for protein, fat, and lactose were 3.18 ± 0.41, 3.49 ± 0.82, and 4.42 ± 0.47, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for the effects of year, calving season, and number of calvings on lactation duration (319 ± 6.6 days) during the dry season and total milk production per lactation during the same season (1,239 ± 40.6 kg) by number of calvings. The longest lactation duration was reported in primiparous cows (345 ± 7.5 days). The effect of sampling season on milk composition was significant (p < 0.05) in the rainy season for protein (3.4 ± 0.03 %) and fat (3.8 ± 0.08%). Study limitations: This study is limited to a dual-purpose production system with crossbred cattle of different racial composition, under the management and environmental conditions of the participating herds. Conclusions: The results indicate that milk production and composition are influenced by environmental factors and by differences between the groups evaluated.
lactation, fat, protein, genetic, environmental.
Bovine respiratory disease and its effects on productive performance indicators and carcass yield
Objective: To evaluate the impact of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) on productive performance indicators and hot carcass yield in feedlot cattle raised under intensive tropical production conditions. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 1,378 cattle were classified into three groups: animals without clinical signs of BRD, animals with one clinical event, and animals with two events during the fattening period. An ANCOVA model was applied using arrival weight as a covariate, followed by Fisher’s LSD test for multiple comparisons. Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of presenting BRD as a function of hot carcass yield (%). Results: Cattle experiencing one or two BRD episodes showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in average daily feed intake, daily weight gain, total weight gain, final live weight, and feed efficiency. Hot carcass weight and carcass yield also declined progressively as the number of BRD episodes increased. Logistic regression revealed a negative association between carcass yield and the probability of BRD occurrence, with stronger effects observed in cattle that experienced two clinical events. Limitations on study/implications: The study was conducted in a single feedlot operation, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Further research in different production systems and climatic regions is recommended to strengthen external validity. Findings/conclusions: BRD exerts a clear and cumulative negative impact on cattle growth performance and carcass yield. These findings highlight the need for strengthened preventive health programs, early diagnostic tools, and improved management practices to mitigate the effects of BRD in tropical feedlot systems.
feedlot cattle; BRD; carcass yield; productive performance; logistic regres-sion.
Perception and attitude on water governance: design of indicators for Irrigation Districts in Mexico
Objective: to define the selection criteria for the design and validation of a methodological tool that operationalizes the water governance concept across the perception and attitude of stakeholders for efficient water management in Irrigation Districts. Design/methodology/approach: a questionnaire was designed and validated to assess perception and attitude variables in water governance, structuring the methodology in four phases. Initially, a contextualized conceptual framework was constructed to define a system of indicators with theoretical rigour. Subsequently, the psychometric operationalization of the variables into measurable items was carried out. A priori validation was performed using the Delphi technique, with a multidisciplinary panel of experts. Finally, a posteriori validation will empirically contrast the results to consolidate a robust diagnostic tool for longitudinal application. Limitations/implications: the subjective nature of the constructs measured (perception and attitude), whose validity may be compromised in relation to observable behaviors. Nevertheless, the instrument is a reliable methodological tool for the empirical diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of water governance. Findings/conclusions: a methodological tool was developed that operationalizes intangible constructs of perception and attitude into quantifiable indicators for water governance. Validated using the Delphi method, it allows critical indicators such as institutional trust and perceived equity to be measured. This tool is a strategic resource for longitudinal diagnoses and the design of interventions towards more transparent and efficient water management.
water management, methodological framework, irrigation water, commu-nity participation, socio-ecological systems.
The traditional coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas: a systemic analysis of its ecological, productive, and sociocultural relevance
Objective: To analyze the traditional coffee agroecosystem in Chiapas from a systemic perspective to understand its ecological, productive, and sociocultural dimensions and to identify the relationships that explain its functioning and resilience. Design/methodology/approach: A structured documentary review with a systemic and rational–deductive orientation was conducted using 42 scientific sources. The analysis was organized around ecological, productive, and sociocultural criteria and incorporated a SWOT matrix to synthesize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of shade-grown coffee systems in Chiapas and the Frailesca region. Results: Three core attributes of the agroecosystem were identified: structural diversity, ecological and productive multifunctionality, and smallholder management supported by local knowledge. These characteristics contribute to productive stability and socioecological resilience. The review also revealed tensions associated with socio-environmental disturbances, phytosanitary vulnerability, and outmigration of young people. The SWOT matrix highlighted opportunities linked to differentiated coffees, the cultural value of the crop, and the role of shade in biodiversity conservation. Research limitations/implications: The study relies on secondary sources and exposes gaps in systemic analyses of coffee production in the Frailesca region. Nevertheless, the review enabled the development of an integrative conceptualization of the agroecosystem and underscores the relevance of holistic approaches that articulate ecological, productive, social, and economic dimensions to guide future research and public policy. Findings/conclusions: The traditional coffee agroecosystem constitutes a complex system whose resilience is grounded in the interaction among diversity, multifunctionality, and smallholder management. Ensuring its long-term sustainability requires integrated strategies that strengthen ecological management, cultural preservation, and access to more equitable markets
Shade-grown coffee, agroforestry systems, biodiversity, climate resilience, family farming
Evaluation of nutrition sources in cacao(Theobroma cacao L.) and their impact on yield
Objective. The present study evaluated the effect of three fertilization sources —chemical fertilizer, organic compost, and a no-fertilizer treatment— on yield components of the cacao crop. Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted at the Rosario Izapa Experimental Field of INIFAP in Chiapas, Mexico, where the effect of three nutritional treatments (chemical fertilization, compost, and control) on yield components of six cacao clones (CATIE R4, Regalo de Dios, CAERI 1, CAERI 2, CAERI 4, and SCA12) was evaluated. The experiment was established under a randomized block design with three replications, each replication consisting of three trees per clone. Fruits were harvested from each clone, and variables were measured from 20 fruits per tree. Results. Organic compost was the most effective nutrient source, showing significant improvements in the number of fruits and dry bean weight. Chemical fertilization showed a limited response, in some cases similar to the control treatment, indicating low efficiency under certain edaphic conditions. The control treatment showed values similar to organic fertilization in the total number of seeds variable. Limitations/Implications. Cacao nutrition is a closed system in which many factors interact, particularly shade trees that either contribute nutrients or compete for them within the system, and whose effects are sometimes difficult to quantify. Findings/Conclusions. These findings suggest that the use of compost not only improves cacao productivity but also represents a sustainable strategy that contributes to the agroecological resilience of the production system.
chemical fertilization, compost, clones, fruits, dry bean
Trends in scientific research in Yucca spp.
Objective: To analyze the performance and trends of research on Yucca spp. at the international level through a bibliometric approach. Design/methodology/approach: Publications indexed in SCIE, SSCI, and ESCI (1904–2024) were analyzed using unidimensional and multidimensional bibliometric indicators, as well as network visualization tools to evaluate literature growth, author collaboration, and thematic evolution. Results: A total of 1,266 documents were retrieved, showing sustained growth with a significant increase in the last five years. Collaboration networks with influential authors were identified, along with five main research lines: ecology and evolution, ruminal fermentation, steroidal saponins, metabolite biosynthesis, and applications in sustainable materials. Limitations on study/implications: The analysis was limited to documents indexed in SCIE, SSCI, and ESCI, which may exclude relevant research published in other databases or non-indexed sources. Findings/conclusions: The study reveals a transition from taxonomic and ecological research toward applications in biotechnology and materials science. Bibliometric analysis proves useful for identifying emerging trends and priority areas, contributing to the sustainable use of Yucca spp
Yucca sp., bibliometrics, scientific production, collaboration networks.
Biol, nitrogen fertilization, and topological arrangement effects on the yield and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz,
Objective: To evaluate the effect of planting arrangements and different fertilization treatments on biomass production and composition of maralfalfa grass (Pennisetum spp.) grown under subhumid conditions in Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized complete block design with split plots was used. Planting density (40, 60, and 80 cm) was the main factor. Three biol formulas and two doses of urea fertilization (50 and 100 kg ha-1) were the secondary factor. The following variables were measured: plant height, biomass yield, and leaf and stem weight. Data were analyzed through an ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results: The 40-cm planting arrangement and Biol 1 (manure + water) treatment combination reached the highest biomass yield (123.11 t ha-1) and plant height (2.44 m). Denser planting improved biomass production, while chemical fertilization increased leaf ratio. The interaction between planting arrangement and fertilization only had a significant impact on stem weight. Study Limitations/Implications: The study was conducted under specific climatic conditions, which limited the generalizability of the results. Further research is recommended to assess long-term economic viability and sustainability. Findings/Conclusions: High planting density combined with organic fertilization optimizes biomass yield and the efficient use of resources. Biols are a sustainable alternative that enhances forage productivity and soil health.
Maralfalfa grass, organic fertilization, planting density, biomass, sustainable agriculture
Antibacterial activity of polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Boletus edulis and Lactarius indigo
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and alkaline polysaccharide fractions extracted from wild fruiting bodies of Boletus edulis and Lactarius indigo from central Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Polysaccharides were obtained and separated into aqueous (FAq) and alkaline (FAk) fractions, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and tested at concentrations of 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 μg mL⁻¹ using the broth dilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. Results: Four polysaccharide fractions were obtained (FAqBe, FAkBe, FAqLi, and FAkLi). All fractions exhibited antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition (up to 97.6%) observed against S. aureus at 500 μg mL⁻¹ of FAkBe. A significant concentration-dependent inhibitory effect was detected. Limitations on study/implications: However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved and to evaluate in vivo efficacy. Findings/conclusions: These findings suggest that polysaccharides from wild edible mushrooms represent a promising source of bioactive compounds with antibacterial potential.
Antibacterial activity, Aqueous and alkaline fractions, Bioactive polysac-charides, Functional foods, Wild edible mushrooms
Evaluation of Grass Weed Control in Sugarcane Using Phosphite Applied as Phosphorous Acid
Objective: To evaluate the effect of Phi application on the control of a grass weed population composed predominantly of stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis and C. plectostachyus) and native grasses (Axonopus spp., Cynodon spp., and Paspalum spp.) in sugarcane cultivation. Design/methodology/approach: Three 2 × 2 m plots were established to evaluate foliar spraying with 0, 400, and 800 mM Phi. The trial was conducted in a one-year-old ratoon sugarcane field. Toxicity level, damaged leaf area, and percentage of weed population controlled were assessed through image analysis using ImageJ software. Additionally, antioxidant activity and total chlorophyll concentration in leaf tissue were measured. Data were processed using RStudio version 1.2.5033 (analysis of variance and Tukey’s test). Results: Phi exhibited moderate toxicity at 400 mM and high toxicity at 800 mM. The predominant undesired vegetation included stargrass species (Cynodon nlemfuensis and C. plectostachyus) and native grasses of the genera Axonopus, Cynodon, and Paspalum. Despite clear foliar damage at both Phi concentrations, most weeds recovered within two to three weeks after application, indicating an efficient physiological strategy to counteract Phi-induced stress. This represents a challenge for the use of Phi as an herbicidal agent. Damaged leaf area reached 20.38 % at 400 mM and nearly 51 % at 800 mM Phi. Antioxidant activity increased with higher Phi concentrations, whereas total chlorophyll content declined as Phi dosage increased. Limitations on study/implications: This study focused solely on the effects of phosphorous acid-derived Phi on grass weeds in one-year-old sugarcane. Further research is needed to assess its impact throughout the crop cycle and on a broader range of grass weed species. Findings/conclusions: Foliar applications of 400 and 800 mM Phi caused moderate and severe phytotoxic effects, respectively, but were not sufficient to effectively control Poaceae weed populations in sugarcane.
Weeds, undesired vegetation, sugarcane agroecosystems, phosphite, al-ternative herbicides.
Physicochemical evaluation of the meat of the American Bullfrog (Lithobates Catesbeianus)
Objective: To determine the physicochemical characteristics of bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) meat. Design/methodology/approach: Fifteen samples of bullfrog legs and fifteen samples of chicken meat were used. Subsequently, 50% of the meat was cooked in a water bath. Results: Bullfrog meat had less protein and more fat (P<0.05) than chicken meat. The percentage of moisture and collagen was higher in bullfrog meat (P<0.05). The L*, a*, and b* values ​​showed significant differences, with greater luminosity in cooked bullfrog meat, while a* showed a variation of 2.36 units in raw vs. cooked meat. b* was higher in cooked meat (P<0.05) compared to raw meat. The parameters water activity, water-holding capacity, and pH showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the two treatments analyzed. Limitations/Implications of the study: The number of bullfrog samples was limited due to their cost and producers' distrust of institutional and governmental organizations. Findings and Conclusion: Bullfrog meat is lean. The meat presented water activity values ​​below the established limit for meat. This species is a viable alternative in the food sector.
Meat, Bullfrog, raw meat, cooked meat, evaluation, physicochemical
CRY PROTEINS FROM Bacillus thuringiensis: FROM NATURAL INSECTICIDE TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOL FOR AGRICULTURAL PEST CONTROL
Objective: The Cry protein family from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) exhibits biocidal activity against various insect orders, with Lepidoptera being among their primary targets. These insects often evolve into major agricultural pests, leading to significant crop losses. Consequently, research efforts have focused on the identification and cloning of the genes encoding these proteins, as well as elucidating their mechanism of action. Design/Methodology/Approach: Methods for the identification, isolation, and purification of Cry proteins, along with the current state of the art, were explored, described, and discussed by reviewing relevant literature using scientific databases for bibliographic research. Results: Cry proteins constitute a diverse group of molecules with demostrated activity for combating agricultural insect pests, primarily Lepidoptera. These proteins and their corresponding genes have been widely studied and employed in the genetic transformation of several crop plant species. Limitations/Implications of the study: Although several models have been proposed to explain the mode of action of Cry proteins, molecular mechanism remain unresolved to fully understand their insecticidal activity. Findings/Conclusions: Bt encodes multiple groups of proteins with insecticidal activity, among which the Cry protein family is the most extensively studied. The identification of its first members, along with the elucidation of their three-dimensional structure, has been essential for proposing their mechanism of action. This has enabled the targeted control of several Lepidopteran pests in agriculture.
FUNCTIONALITY, STABILITY AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF NATURAL POLYPHENOLS IN FOOD MATRICES
Objective: To examine the presence, stability, and functionality of natural polyphenols in commercial food matrices. The effects of industrial processing and the emerging technological benefits for their protection were also considered. Design/Methodology/Approach: A review of natural polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic) was conducted. The oxidation mechanisms present in food matrices and the stability of the molecules during processing were described. Emerging technologies, such as encapsulation, for preserving the antioxidant functionality of natural polyphenols were analyzed. Results: Natural polyphenols are present in a variety of foods; their composition is linked to the type of food, the plant tissue, and the growing and post-harvest handling conditions. Fruits are notable for their phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. Vegetables are predominantly composed of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, cereals contain lignans and resorcinols, and beverages contain flavonols, catechins, and resveratrol. Food processing reduces the bioavailability and functionality of polyphenols through oxidation, heat, pH, and exposure to oxygen. Techniques combined with heat treatments, such as microwaves, ultrasound, and bioprocesses, particularly encapsulation, help preserve natural polyphenols and improve their stability and solubility. Limitations/Implications of the study: The loss of natural polyphenols during industrial processing reduces their antioxidant activity. Emerging technological alternatives applicable to the production of functional foods are needed. Findings/Conclusions: Natural polyphenols are molecules with varied bioactivity in different food matrices. Their stability depends on the food and the processing applied. Emerging technologies exist to preserve food functionality, including encapsulation, an effective strategy.
Natural polyphenols · functional stability · Food processing · encapsulation
From fermentation to function: The hidden antioxidants inside fermented milks
Objective: To perform a literature review on antioxidant compounds present in fermented milks, highlighting their potential role in mitigating oxidative stress. Design/methodology/approach: This review analyzes scientific literature addressing the antioxidant components of fermented milks, including native milk constituents, microbial metabolites, and bio-transformed compounds generated during fermentation. Results: Fermented milks contain a wide spectrum of antioxidant compounds arising from milk components, microbial metabolism, and LAB-mediated bio-transformations. These compounds collectively contribute to scavenging free radicals and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Limitations on study/implications: Further in vivo studies and clinical evidence are needed to substantiate health claims and clarify dose-response relationships. Findings/conclusions: The available evidence supports fermented milks as promising functional foods with substantial antioxidant potential. Their regular consumption may contribute to protection against oxidative stress-related damage and associated chronic degenerative diseases, positioning fermented milks as a potential first line of dietary defense.
Fermented milks; antioxidants; lactic acid bacteria; probiotics; oxidative stress; functional foods
Determination of the phytochemical and biofungicide characteristics of Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle) against Neofusicoccum sp. that damages post-harvest avocados (Persea americana Mill)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of leaf, stem, and fruit plant extracts of Peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle) on Neofusicoccum sp. Design/Methodology/Approach: Methanol extractions of Peruvian pepper tree were used to determine its phytochemical profile. The inhibition caused by the plant extracts was evaluated at a 0.01, 0.03, and 0.07% concentration, using the in vitro poisoned agar technique against the phytopathogen isolated from post-harvest avocados. Results: Saponins, coumarins, total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity recorded positive results. Stem obtained better ABTS inhibition results (92.7% ±0.8), while the leaves recorded a better DDPH inhibition result (88.2 ±0.24%). The in vitro assays showed the effects of the extracts on Neofusicoccum sp.: higher concentrations (0.07%) had a better mitigation effect. The inhibition of the pathogen fluctuated between 43.8 and 49.5% for all the plant extracts. Study Limitations/Implications: Methanol was used as a solvent to obtain S. molle extracts. Findings/Conclusions: The resulting inhibition was associated with a pseudo-quantitative approach that helped to understand the effect of bioactives against this phytopathogen and to include Schinus molle as an alternative within a biorational plan for the phytosanitary protection of crops.
extracts, bioactives, phytopathogens, biological control, diseases.
Growth analysis of Amelichloa clandestina after intensive non-selective grazing with a high animal load
Objective: To determine the maximum dry matter production of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) following an initial grazing with high stocking density and to provide recommendations for subsequent utilization. Design/Methodology/Approach: The growth rate (kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹), morphological components, leaf-to-stem ratio, and plant height of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) were evaluated through monthly sampling over an 18-month period. A randomized block design with three replications was employed. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between regrowth months. The highest dry matter accumulation occurred in winter at 16 months, with a growth rate of 4.2 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹, a maximum plant height of 22 cm, and a leaf yield of 2.3 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹. In contrast, spring showed greater productivity, with peak dry matter production recorded at 14 months (8.4 kg DM ha⁻¹ day⁻¹), reaching a maximum height of 43 cm at 18 months. The leaf-to-stem ratio in spring was 4.0, compared to 7.2 in winter. Limitations/Implications: The results may be affected by local environmental conditions specific to the region, which could limit generalization to other geographic areas. Findings/Conclusions: A second grazing can be scheduled fewer than six months after the initial regrowth of Amelichloa clandestina in southeastern Coahuila, Mexico, especially when grazed under high stocking density in early spring. This is due to the higher growth rate observed in spring compared to winter.
Amelichloa clandestina, Mexican needlegrass, growth rate, intensive non-selective grazing, morphological composition.
Seasonal regrowth capacity of an Amelichloa clandestina (Hack.) Arriaga & Barkworth grassland in northeastern Mexico
Objective: To evaluate yield components and seasonal biomass accumulation of Mexican needlegrass (Amelichloa clandestina) at different days after regrowth (DAR) under the environmental conditions of northeastern Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized block design with three replicates was employed, considering days after regrowth within each season as the main study factor. The variables evaluated included dry matter yield (DMY), morphological components (MC), plant height (PH), and light interception (LI). Results: Maximum DMY was recorded between 75 and 90 DAR during autumn, reaching 546.1 kg DM ha⁻¹ (p ≤ 0.05), with a significant leaf contribution of 382.2 kg DM ha⁻¹. The greatest plant height (47.3 cm) was also observed in autumn at 90 DAR (p ≤ 0.05), accompanied by 42% light interception. A strong positive correlation was identified between DMY and plant height (R² = 0.83). Limitations/Implications: This study was conducted under the specific climatic conditions of northeastern Coahuila, Mexico. Therefore, the applicability of the results may vary under different environmental contexts. Findings/Conclusions: Amelichloa clandestina exhibited its greatest regrowth potential in autumn, as evidenced by increases in dry matter yield and plant height, along with a positive correlation with days after regrowth, outperforming the other seasons evaluated.
Amelichloa clandestina, dry matter yield, plant height, morphological composition, light interception.
Passiflora edulis peel extracts applied as an edible coating on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)
This study evaluated the antioxidant and antifungal potential of ethanolic extracts obtained from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) peel and their application as an active edible coating for extending the postharvest life of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Peels from two botanical forms of Passiflora edulis (P. edulis f. flavicarpa and P. edulis f. edulis) and one additional species (Passiflora ligularis) were characterized in terms of color, extraction yield, and antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assays. The antifungal activity of P. edulis peel extract against Rhizopus stolonifer was evaluated through a radial growth inhibition at concentrations ranging from 500 to 3000 ppm. The extract was incorporated into a carboxymethylcellulose-based edible coating and applied to strawberries by immersion. During 17 days of storage, color (CIELab parameters) and weight loss were monitored. Passiflora edulis showed the highest extraction yield and antioxidant capacity, particularly by the ABTS method. The extract exhibited a strong dose-dependent antifungal effect, with higher concentrations showing a marked reduction of mycelial growth under in vitro conditions. Coated strawberries showed greater stability in color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) and significantly reduced weight loss compared to the control, indicating delay in some physical changes associated with senescence. These results suggest that P. edulis peel, an agro-industrial by product, represents a promising source of bioactive compounds for the development of functional edible coatings capable of improving strawberry postharvest quality.
Passiflora edulis; edible coating; strawberry; antioxidant activity; antifungal control.
Food Science and Technology; Postharvest Technology
Prioritization of areas degraded by forest fires for rehabilitation
Objective: To assess fire severity in affected areas through spectral analysis and geographic information systems in order to identify priority areas for restoration and strengthen the sustainable management of natural resources. Design/methodology/approach: Field and remote sensing data from areas affected by forest fires were used to determine and classify fire severity using the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) spectral index, thereby enabling the identification and quantification of priority areas exhibiting the greatest severity. In addition, an analysis of the topographic factors influencing fire regimes was incorporated to establish management and prevention strategies. Results: The period from November to April accounts for the highest number of events, with 90% corresponding to surface fires, mainly triggered by anthropogenic activity. The most severely affected sites, which require rehabilitation, are associated with pine and fir forest ecosystems, slopes of 31° (difficult access and greater fire spread), a southeastern aspect of 135° (high solar exposure), and transitional zones between forested areas and high-mountain grasslands. Limitations on study/implications: The availability of open-access data, remote sensors, and spectral analysis constitutes a strategic resource; however, these tools may present technical limitations that affect accuracy. Accordingly, future research directions are proposed to evaluate the dynamics of ecological recovery and thereby strengthen methodological robustness. Findings/conclusions: Anthropogenic pressure and climate change intensify the degree of impact, thereby compromising ecosystem functions. Therefore, differentiated rehabilitation measures are required, supported by policy instruments that reinforce territorial governance oriented toward environmental security and productive sustainability.
Fire severity, ecological restoration, erosion processes, geospatial model-ing, sustainability