Chemical Edaphic Gradients in Traditional Native Maize (Zea mays L.) Production Systems in the Lower Chinantla

Resumen

Objective: Soil chemical properties directly influence soil fertility and can be modified by management practices, particularly in traditional agricultural systems. This study aimed to determine soil chemical properties and identify edaphic gradients in native maize production systems in the Lower Chinantla region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-two soil samples were collected through participatory random sampling with producers of native Tuxpeño maize in June 2025. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and the concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were determined in accordance with NOM-021-RECNAT-2000 guidelines. Variability in soil chemical properties was evaluated using descriptive statistics, and edaphic gradients were identified through principal component and cluster analyses. Results: High variability was observed in organic matter, P, and Fe. Two main edaphic gradients were identified: one associated with soil fertility and another related to exchangeable bases, with Ca as the dominant variable. Study Limitations/Implications: Limitations include the absence of control over climatic, topographic, and vegetation cover variables. In addition, the form, source, and application rate of fertilizers used in previous cropping cycles may have influenced soil heterogeneity. Findings/Conclusions: The results underscore the importance of considering edaphic gradients in the management of traditional agricultural systems as a strategy to optimize soil fertility and enhance native maize productivity.